Flowcharts

Kenneth Leroy Busbee

Overview

A flowchart is a type of diagram that represents an algorithm, workflow or process. The flowchart shows the steps as boxes of various kinds, and their order by connecting the boxes with arrows. This diagrammatic representation illustrates a solution model to a given problem. Flowcharts are used in analyzing, designing, documenting or managing a process or program in various fields.[1]

Discussion

Common flowcharting symbols and examples follow. When first reading this section, focus on the simple symbols and examples. Return to this section in later chapters to review the advanced symbols and examples.

Simple Flowcharting Symbols

Terminal

The rounded rectangles, or terminal points, indicate the flowchart’s starting and ending points.

Oval terminal symbol

Flow Lines

Note: The default flow is left to right and top to bottom (the same way you read English). To save time arrowheads are often only drawn when the flow lines go contrary the normal.

Flow line

Input/Output

The parallelograms designate input or output operations.

Input output parallelogram

Process

The rectangle depicts a process such as a mathematical computation, or a variable assignment.

Process rectangle

Decision

The diamond is used to represent the true/false statement being tested in a decision symbol.

Decision rhombus

Advanced Flowcharting Symbols

Module Call

A program module is represented in a flowchart by rectangle with some lines to distinguish it from process symbol.

Process rectangle with parallel lines inside each side

Connectors

Sometimes a flowchart is broken into two or more smaller flowcharts. This is usually done when a flowchart does not fit on a single page, or must be divided into sections. A connector symbol, which is a small circle with a letter or number inside it, allows you to connect two flowcharts on the same page. A connector symbol that looks like a pocket on a shirt, allows you to connect to a flowchart on a different page.

On-Page Connector

on-page connector circle

Off-Page Connector

off-page connector pentagon

Simple Examples

We will demonstrate various flowcharting items by showing the flowchart for some pseudocode.

Functions

pseudocode: Function with no parameter passing

Function clear monitor
    Pass In: nothing
    Direct the operating system to clear the monitor
    Pass Out: nothing
End function
Function clear monitor

pseudocode: Function main calling the clear monitor function

Function main
    Pass In: nothing
    Doing some lines of code
    Call: clear monitor
    Doing some lines of code
    Pass Out: value zero to the operating system
End function
Function main

Sequence Control Structures

The next item is pseudocode for a simple temperature conversion program. This demonstrates the use of both the on-page and off-page connectors. It also illustrates the sequence control structure where nothing unusual happens. Just do one instruction after another in the sequence listed.

pseudocode: Sequence control structure

Filename: Solution_Lab_04_Pseudocode.txt
Purpose:  Convert Temperature from Fahrenheit to Celsius
Author:   Ken Busbee; © 2008 Kenneth Leroy Busbee
Date:     Dec 24, 2008

Pseudocode = IPO Outline

input
    display a message asking user for the temperature in Fahrenheit
    get the temperature from the keyboard

processing
    calculate the Celsius by subtracting 32 from the Fahrenheit
    temperature then multiply the result by 5 then
    divide the result by 9. Round up or down to the whole number.
    HINT: Use 32.0 when subtracting to ensure floating-point accuracy.

output
    display the celsius with an appropriate message
    pause so the user can see the answer 
Sequence control structure
Sequence control structured continued

Advanced Examples

Selection Control Structures

pseudocode: If then Else

If age > 17
    Display a message indicating you can vote.
Else
    Display a message indicating you can't vote.
Endif
If then Else control structure

pseudocode: Case

Case of age
    0 to 17   Display "You can't vote."
    18 to 64  Display "You are in your working years."
    65 +      Display "You should be retired."
End case
Case control structure

Iteration (Repetition) Control Structures

pseudocode: While

count assigned zero
While count < 5
    Display "I love computers!"
    Increment count
End while
While control structure

pseudocode: For

For x starts at 0, x < 5, increment x
    Display "Are we having fun?"
End for

The for loop does not have a standard flowcharting method and you will find it done in different ways. The for loop as a counting loop can be flowcharted similar to the while loop as a counting loop.

For control structure

pseudocode: Do While

count assigned five
Do
    Display "Blast off is soon!"
    Decrement count
While count > zero
Do While control structure

pseudocode: Repeat Until

count assigned five
Repeat
    Display "Blast off is soon!"
    Decrement count
Until count < one
Repeat Until control structure

Key Terms

decision symbol
A diamond used in flowcharting for asking a question and making a decision.
flow lines
Lines (sometimes with arrows) that connect the various flowcharting symbols.
flowcharting
A programming design tool that uses graphical elements to visually depict the flow of logic within a function.
input/output symbol
A parallelogram used in flowcharting for input/output interactions.
process symbol
A rectangle used in flowcharting for normal processes such as assignment.

References


License

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Programming Fundamentals Copyright © 2018 by Kenneth Leroy Busbee is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.

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